Corruption, bribery, accepting benefits
At the supply chain stages of collection, local trade, export and customs clearance, risks arise from unclear proofs of origin, commingled flows of goods, false declarations and the circumvention of regulations.
Particularly when it comes to deforestation, weak or manipulated controls, as well as problems with audits, certification and traceability, are significant factors. Corruption also plays a role: abuses frequently occur in the allocation of land titles, usage rights and permits. Furthermore, price fluctuations between producing countries encourage the cross-border smuggling of coffee beans.